Georgia Gang Statute

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O.C.G.A.  § 16-15-4 is commonly referred to as the Georgia Gang Statute. But, this statute can be difficult to understand. Georgia case law is clear that it is not illegal to simply be a member of a gang. In fact, a 2019 Georgia Supreme Court case called Chavers v. State says that a defendant cannot be convicted under the Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act for merely being associated with a gang that commits criminal acts; the defendant must personally commit an enumerated offense himself.  However, if the state can prove that you are a member of a gang AND commit an illegal activity to further the interests of the gang, you can be charged with violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism Act. A conviction under the Georgia Gang Statute could result in up to 20 years in prison.

One way the state can charge an individual with violating the Georgia Gang Statute is under section (a) of the statute. Section (a) states that it shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with a criminal street gang to conduct or participate in criminal gang activity through the commission of any offense enumerated in paragraph (1) of Code Section 16-15-3. The enumerated offenses in paragraph 1 of 16-15-3 include things like racketeering, stalking, rape, kidnapping, criminal trespass or damage to property, any crime of violence, or compromising the security of a jail or prison.

Another way the state can charge an individual under the Georgia Gang Statute is under section (c) of the statute. Section (c) states that It shall be unlawful for any person to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, through criminal gang activity or proceeds derived therefrom any interest in or control of any real or personal property of any nature, including money. This simply means that a person could violate the Georgia Gang Statute by accepting money that was gained from illegal acts by a known gang. For example, a person who is holding money that was acquired through gang activity could be prosecuted under the Georgia Gang Statute.

It is important to remember that the state must prove 4 elements in order to convict someone of violating the Georgia Gang Statute:

(1) the existence of a “criminal street gang,” defined as “any organization, association, or group of three or more persons associated in fact, whether formal or informal, which engages in criminal gang activity”;

(2) the defendant’s association with the gang;

(3) that the defendant committed any of several enumerated criminal offenses, including those involving violence, possession of a weapon, or use of a weapon; and

(4) that the crime was intended to further the interests of the gang.

If you are charged with violating the Georgia Gang Act in Fulton, Dekalb, Gwinnett, Clayton, Cobb, or Rockdale counties, it is important that you hire an attorney who understands the intricacies of the statute. At W. Scott Smith, our lawyers have handled numerous gang cases and require the state to meet their burden.  If you have been charged with gang crimes, call our office at 404-581-0999 for a free consultation today.

Governor Kemp Signs Bill that will Enhance Penalties for Fleeing and Eluding in Henry County, Georgia

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By: Attorney Erin Dohnalek

On April 25th, 2022, Governor Kemp signed legislation to further public safety efforts in the State of Georgia. One of the bills that he signed, which was passed in the House, as well as the Senate, will enhance or increase penalties and sentencing for individuals charged with fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer in Henry County. This bill went into effect on July 1st, 2022.

This bill states that:

  • It is unlawful for a driver to fail to stop his/her vehicle or attempt to flee or elude a police officer when he/she is given a visual or audible signal to stop.
  • Any person convicted of a first, second, or third violation of this law will be guilty of a high and aggravated misdemeanor.
  • Any person convicted of a fourth or subsequent violation of this law will be guilty of a felony.

Sentencing:

  • The penalties for a first conviction will be a fine of at least $1,000 and 30 days in jail.
  • The penalties for a second conviction within a 10-year period will be a fine of at least $2,500 and 90 days in jail.
  • The penalties for a third conviction within a 10-year period will be a fine of at least $4,000 and 180 days in jail.
  • The penalties for a fourth conviction, and any subsequent conviction, within a 10-year period will be a fine of at least $5,000 and 12 months in custody.

This bill will dramatically change the penalties for fleeing and attempting to elude in Henry County. A high and aggravated misdemeanor generally means that the accused will have to serve the entire jail-sentence in custody without the possibility of receiving 2 for 1 credit. The fourth conviction of this crime in a 10-year period will constitute a felony offense. Furthermore, a nolo contendere plea will not avoid mandatory jail time, or a conviction.

Any arrests that occur prior to July 1st, 2022, in Henry County, for fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer will still be pursuant to the prior statute that allows for lower penalties and sentencing. However, if an accused is arrested for fleeing or attempting to elude on, or after, July 1st, 2022, the sentencing will be enhanced due to this new law.

Contact Us

Due to the severity of the punishment for fleeing or attempting to elude, it is of vital importance to speak with an experienced criminal defense attorney about your case. At the Law Offices of W. Scott Smith, our lawyers are trained to know every aspect of this new law, we understand the defenses to the charge, we take pride in advocating for our clients’ constitutional rights, and we detail all options for our clients when defending their case. If you or a loved one has been charged with fleeing or attempting to elude in Henry County, Georgia, please call our office today at 404-581-0999 for a free consultation.

Georgia Immunity Motions in Felony Domestic Violence Cases in Walton County

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If a person is charged in the State of Georgia with a Felony Domestic Violence, that person has the right to claim self-defense. Not only can the person claim self-defense at trial, but the person also has the right to file what is called an immunity motion under O.C.G.A. § 16-3-24.2.

This is a legal motion made pre-trial, whereby a person can assert that their self-defense claim is so strong that the Court cannot allow the prosecutor to continue with the case. Once the motion is filed, the Court must hear and rule on the motion prior to trial.

In an immunity motion the burden is on the defense to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence (more likely than not), that they should win on the self-defense theory. Once the defense has raised the self-defense claim, the State then has the burden of disproving the claim of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. The judge will hear testimony, consider evidence, and make a ruling. Two outcomes can occur:

  1. If the Court finds that the defense presented sufficient evidence at the pretrial hearing and persuaded the Court that they were acting in self-defense — the Court will grant the motion and dismiss the case.
  2. If the Court finds that the defense did not present sufficient evidence at the pretrial hearing and did not persuade the Court that they were acting in self-defense — the Court will deny the motion and the case will proceed to trial.

The advantage to filing this type of motion is that it can protect a person who is charged with felony domestic violence from the risk of uncertainty of going to trial. If the motion is not successful, the person charged, still has every right to fight the charges at trial. These motions can be very beneficial, in the right case, for the person charged with felony domestic violence.

If you or someone you know has been arrested for a felony domestic violence charge, having a lawyer fight your case can result in a better outcome. Contact the Law Office of Scott Smith today for a free consultation at 404-581-0999.

Hiring an Attorney to Preserve Alibi Evidence

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If you have been falsely charged with a crime, there may be evidence that supports an alibi defense. For example, there may be surveillance video that shows you at a location other than the crime scene at the time of the crime or your cell phone might show that you were in another state altogether.  Unfortunately, this evidence will not be accessible forever. Video surveillance is often only stored for a short period of time and cell phone records, depending on the company, are only stored for about 10-90 days.

However, if hired in time, a lawyer can send something called a spoliation letter to companies demanding that certain evidence is preserved. This letter simply alerts the company that a criminal investigation is ongoing and that the evidence should be preserved to assist your attorney in supporting your alibi. For example, if you are charged with murder in Fulton County but you were shopping at a Walmart in Cobb County at the time of the murder, it is important that we reach out to Walmart and preserve the surveillance video of you entering the store at the time of the murder. Or, if you are charged with an armed robbery in Dekalb County but your cell phone is pinging off a tower in Gwinnett County at the time of the robbery, it is important that the location data from your cell phone is preserved.

In this situation, time really is of the essence. The lawyers at W. Scott Smith recognize that swift action is required in situations like this. If you are charged with a crime and believe that evidence exists that proves your innocence, call our office at 404-581-0999 for a free consultation.

Governor Kemp Signs Bill that will Enhance Penalties for Fleeing and Eluding in Hall County, Georgia

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By: Attorney Erin Dohnalek

On April 25th, 2022, Governor Kemp signed legislation to further public safety efforts in the State of Georgia. One of the bills that he signed, which was passed in the House, as well as the Senate, will enhance or increase penalties and sentencing for individuals charged with fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer in Hall County. This bill went into effect on July 1st, 2022.

This bill states that:

  • It is unlawful for a driver to fail to stop his/her vehicle or attempt to flee or elude a police officer when he/she is given a visual or audible signal to stop.
  • Any person convicted of a first, second, or third violation of this law will be guilty of a high and aggravated misdemeanor.
  • Any person convicted of a fourth or subsequent violation of this law will be guilty of a felony.

Sentencing:

  • The penalties for a first conviction will be a fine of at least $1,000 and 30 days in jail.
  • The penalties for a second conviction within a 10-year period will be a fine of at least $2,500 and 90 days in jail.
  • The penalties for a third conviction within a 10-year period will be a fine of at least $4,000 and 180 days in jail.
  • The penalties for a fourth conviction, and any subsequent conviction, within a 10-year period will be a fine of at least $5,000 and 12 months in custody.

This bill will dramatically change the penalties for fleeing and attempting to elude in Hall County. A high and aggravated misdemeanor generally means that the accused will have to serve the entire jail-sentence in custody without the possibility of receiving 2 for 1 credit. The fourth conviction of this crime in a 10-year period will constitute a felony offense. Furthermore, a nolo contendere plea will not avoid mandatory jail time, or a conviction.

Any arrests that occur prior to July 1st, 2022, in Hall County, for fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer will still be pursuant to the prior statute that allows for lower penalties and sentencing. However, if an accused is arrested for fleeing or attempting to elude on, or after, July 1st, 2022, the sentencing will be enhanced due to this new law.

Contact Us

Due to the severity of the punishment for fleeing or attempting to elude, it is of vital importance to speak with an experienced criminal defense attorney about your case. At the Law Offices of W. Scott Smith, our lawyers are trained to know every aspect of this new law, we understand the defenses to the charge, we take pride in advocating for our clients’ constitutional rights, and we detail all options for our clients when defending their case. If you or a loved one has been charged with fleeing or attempting to elude in Hall County, Georgia, please call our office today at 404-581-0999 for a free consultation.

Rape in Douglas County

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Rape is a serious crime in Douglas County. O.C.G.A. § 16-6-1 defines rape as follows:

  1. A person commits the offense of rape when he has carnal knowledge of:
    1. A female forcibly and against her will or:
    2. A female who is less than ten years of age.

Carnal knowledge in rape occurs when there is any penetration of the female sex organ by the male sex organ.  Any penetration, however slight, is sufficient and can be proven by direct or circumstantial evidence. The fact that the person allegedly raped is the wife of the defendant shall not be a defense to a charge of rape.

How do you define “force” in a rape case in Georgia? Force means acts of physical force, threats of death or physical bodily harm, or mental coercion, such as intimidation. Lack of resistance, induced by fear, is force.

The elements of Rape in Georgia are 1) penetration, 2) force, and 3) against her will. If the person is underage, then force is implied. If the person is above the age of consent, but due to mental incompetence or severe intoxication, then finding of constructive force based on penetration.

The law on Rape in Georgia does not require physical injury or semen.

A person convicted of Rape can be punished by death, by imprisonment for life without parole, by imprisonment for life with the possibility of parole or by a split sentence that is a term of imprisonment for not less than 25 years and not exceeding life imprisonment to be followed by probation for life. Any person convicted of rape is subject to the sentencing provisions of O.C.G.A. §§ 17-10-6.1 and 17-10-7.

In addition, the person could be on the Sex Offender Registry for life.

A person convicted of rape can also be held to account for civil liability. Furthermore, if the rape was committed by the defendant while he was acting in his scope of his employment, his employer may also be held liable.

If you face charges in Douglas County for Rape, it is imperative that you do not make any statements to law enforcement or to anyone else and immediately seek help from an experienced attorney handling Rape cases in Georgia. You must protect your rights and take this matter very seriously.

The statute of limitation for a prosecution of rape is 15 years.

If you are charged with Rape in Douglas County, you will be brought over before a Magistrate Judge within the first 72 hours of your arrest. This judge will not set a bond on Rape. You will need to have a bond motion filed before a Douglas County Superior Court judge. There are currently 3 Superior Court Judges in Douglas County.

I would be happy to meet with you any time for a free consultation to discuss your case, your rights and your defenses to these allegations.

Call me at 404-581-0999 and let’s schedule a time to meet and discuss your case.

It is your life, your criminal record and you deserve the best representation possible.

Hapeville DUI – Criminal Defense Attorney

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Hapeville, Georgia is home to the Hapeville Municipal Court where Judge Monica Ewing presides over DUI, Traffic, Marijuana, and other City Violation cases brought by Hapeville Police Department. The Hapeville Municipal Court is located at 700 Doug Davis Drive, Hapeville, GA 30354.

 

One of the most common cases we see in the Hapeville Municipal Court are DUI cases. In Georgia, DUI can be charged in either two ways under O.C.G.A. § 40-6-391.  Driving under the Influence Per Se means the State is charging the individual with being over the .08 legal limit for drivers over 21 years old. It is a .02 legal limit for DUI cases involving drivers under 21. DUI Per Se is charged where there is a breath, blood, or urine test. The second way a DUI can be charged in Georgia is DUI Less Safe. Under Georgia law, DUI Less Safe means the person is accused of driving under the influence to the extent they were a less safe driver. We typically see DUI Less Safe cases where there is no chemical test, or where there is a chemical test but it is below the legal limit.

 

There are numerous defenses to DUI to be explored and raised. A skilled DUI defense attorney must fiercely evaluate and raise issues starting at the purpose of the stop and ultimately the probable cause in making the arrest. Factors to be assessed are the performance of field sobriety tests if any were conducted, the lack of odor or admissions, and the driving that was observed. Additionally, the Implied Consent portion of the DUI case is highly relevant in DUI defense because in order for the chemical test to be admissible in Court, the proper Implied Consent must be read after arrest, and there must be true knowing and voluntary consent to submit to the chemical test. Under Georgia law, mere acquiescence to authority is not voluntary consent. It should be noted that any refusal to submit to breath testing following an arrest is deemed inadmissible evidence given the Georgia Constitution gives the right to decline incriminatory acts. This law was clarified and confirmed in Elliott v. State, 305 Ga. 179 (2019).

 

In all first DUI cases, the mandatory minimum sentence is 24 hours in jail, 12 months on probation, a $300.00 fine plus court costs (nearly doubles it), 40 hours of community service, a Risk Reduction course, and an alcohol and drug evaluation and treatment if deemed necessary. The maximum sentence is 12 months in jail on each charge. On a second, or third DUI in 10 years, the jail time is increased, as well as the fines and the community service.

 

Remember that DUI is a misdemeanor crime that goes onto your criminal history. In Georgia, DUI can never be expunged or restricted, and thus a DUI conviction will remain on your history forever.

 

A DUI charge also has intense license repercussions.  If there is a refusal on the chemical test, the Officer can suspend your license for at least a year. This must be challenged within 30 days of your arrest, so time is of the essence in DUI cases. Depending on what else the individual is charged with, and how many prior DUIs he or she has, it is possible a DUI conviction could lead to a 5-year habitual violator suspension.

 

The options in Hapeville Municipal Court are to enter into pretrial negotiations with the goal of avoiding the harsh consequences of a DUI, or to enter a Not Guilty plea and have a trial by Judge or by Jury in State Court. As experienced DUI lawyers practicing in Hapeville regularly, we have the skill and knowledge to accomplish your goals both in Hapeville. We are trial lawyers constantly staying on top of DUI law. If you or a loved one has been charged with DUI in Hapeville Municipal Court, call us now for a FREE CONSULTATION at 404-581-0999.

 

Have you been charged with Possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in Walton County?

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In Georgia, if you have been convicted of a felony the law does not allow for you to have a firearm.  If you are caught being in possession of a firearm, and you are a convicted felon, you can be punished by a sentence of 1-10 years.

What is possession?

Possession of a firearm can be actual or constructive.  Actual possession means that the person has direct control of the firearm i.e. on their person, in their vehicle, etc. Constructive possession is having knowledge of the firearms location and knowledge of its existence being near you but not on your person. For example, living in the same house with someone who has firearms is illegal and you can be charged.

Sentence for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon?

A first-time conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon is punishable by a sentence of 1-5 years in prison.

A second or subsequent conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon is punishable by a sentence of 5-10 years in prison.

If you or someone you know needs help with weapon charges in Walton County, having a lawyer help you through the process can ensure your rights are protected. Contact the Law Office of Scott Smith today for a free consultation at 404-581-0999.

Changes to the Way Search Warrants for Cell Phone Content Must be Obtained

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A new decision released by the Georgia Supreme Court changes the way police must obtain warrants if they want to search the contents of your cell phone. In State v. Wilson, released on February 21, the Court tightened the reigns on what officers must include in their search warrants.

In Wilson, a defendant was on trial for murder. The defendant’s lawyer argued that the search of his cell phone was illegal because it did not specify what police were looking for and sought to have any evidence recovered from his phone kept out of his trial. The trial court agreed with the defendant’s attorney and said that “the search warrant was overly broad and authorized a general search of [the defendant’s] personal effects without probable cause in violation of the Fourth Amendment and O.C.G.A § 17-5-21”.  The judge ruled that evidence found in defendant’s phone could not be used in trial.

The State appealed the trial court’s decision, but the Georgia Supreme Court agreed with the trial court. The Supreme Court reminded us that the Fourth Amendment requires that search warrants list the particular items sought in order to prevent “general, exploratory rummaging in a person’s belongings”. Because the search warrant in Wilson just listed “contents of phone” and didn’t mention that it was limited to evidence pertaining to the commission of a certain crime, it was overbroad and illegal, and the search was unconstitutional.

This means that search warrants for the contents of phones must contains a particular description  of the things to be seized (i.e. text messages or pictures in a child molestation case, or internet search history in a murder case). If you have been charged with a crime in Fulton, Cobb, Dekalb, Forsyth, Gwinnett, Clayton, Rockdale, or any metro county,  and the police searched your phone, it is important to have a lawyer review the search warrant and see if it was properly executed. The lawyers at W. Scott Smith specialize in spotting issues like this and standing up to the State to protect our clients’ constitutional rights. Call our office at 404-581-0999 today for a free consultation.

 

 

Was my search warrant obtained properly?

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In order for an investigator to obtain a search warrant, they have to prove to a magistrate judge that they have probable cause that a criminal activity occurred or is occurring. Probable cause basically means that investigators can communicate a “reasonable belief” that a criminal activity is taking place. Investigating officers have to lay out this probable cause in an affidavit attached to an application for search warrant. Then, a magistrate judge will review the affidavit and application and grant or deny the warrant. In addition to the written affidavit, magistrates may consider oral testimony of the officers during the warrant application process.

In Georgia, the courts have laid out several scenarios that instruct when probable cause has or has not been communicated. For example, a tip from a confidential informant in a drug case is not enough to establish probable cause. The tip would have to be corroborated by other circumstances. However, if police come to your door and you voluntarily speak with them and admit to a crime, there is enough probable cause to obtain a search warrant.

If a warrant is granted and it lacked probable cause, the warrant is bad and any search resulting from the warrant violates your Fourth Amendment rights. In this case, you need a lawyer to argue that your rights have been violated and that any evidence obtained during the execution of the bad search warrant must be suppressed.

At the Law Offices of W. Scott Smith, we are experienced at spotting issues with search warrants and often successful at having evidence suppressed. Often, after a judge has ruled that evidence must be suppressed, prosecutors are more willing to negotiate or even dismiss charges because they no longer have a strong case. If you are in Cobb, Clayton. Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, or Rockdale County and are charged with a serious offense like Violation of the Georgia Controlled Substance Act, trafficking drugs, or possession of drugs with the intent to distribute and believe that your Fourth Amendment rights have been violated by a warrant lacking probable cause, call us for a free consultation at 404-581-0999.