In the world of criminal law, evidence can make or break a case. One of the most challenging aspects for defendants is dealing with out-of-court statements—like those captured in 911 calls or on police body cameras—that are introduced at trial even when the person who made the statement isn’t there to testify. This raises questions about hearsay rules and the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause, which guarantees the right to confront one’s accusers.

A recent decision from the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Charlie Holley (decided February 3, 2026) provides a clear example of how courts navigate these issues. In this post, I’ll break down the key evidentiary principles from the case, explain why such statements were allowed, and discuss what it means for anyone facing criminal charges. As a criminal defense attorney with years of experience in Georgia courts, I’ve seen how understanding these rules can be crucial to building a strong defense.

The Case Background: A High-Stakes Shooting Incident

In U.S. v. Holley, the defendant, Charlie Holley, was convicted of several federal crimes, including assaulting a federal employee (a U.S. Postal Service mail carrier) and possessing a firearm as a felon. The incident unfolded in a Florida City residential neighborhood on June 21, 2021, where Holley allegedly pointed a scoped assault rifle at a neighbor and then at the mail carrier from his second-floor window. He reportedly fired a shot that hit the postal vehicle.

During the trial, the government introduced five key exhibits that Holley challenged on appeal:

– Four clips of body-worn camera footage from responding officers, capturing statements from unidentified bystanders.

– A recording of a 911 call from an unidentified male caller.

Holley argued these were inadmissible hearsay and violated his Confrontation Clause rights since the speakers weren’t available for cross-examination. The district court admitted them, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed, providing valuable insights into evidence admissibility.

 Hearsay Basics and Exceptions: Why the 911 Call Was Allowed

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted (Federal Rule of Evidence 801). Generally, it’s inadmissible because it can’t be tested through cross-examination. However, there are exceptions, and two applied to the 911 call in Holley.

 

The caller reported: “At my house this man has shot at the mail lady… [he] said he gone kill everybody and he’s walking around with a semi-automatic rifle.” The call was made at 1:27 PM, shortly after the shooting, and lasted just one minute.

The court ruled this was admissible under:

– Present Sense Impression (FRE 803(1)): This exception covers statements describing an event or condition made while or immediately after the declarant perceived it. The caller’s description was a real-time account of an unfolding emergency.

– Excited Utterance (FRE 803(2)): This applies to statements relating to a startling event made while under the stress of excitement. The court noted the caller’s urgency, reflecting the shock of witnessing a shooting threat.

Importantly, the statement wasn’t offered solely for its truth but also to show the context of the police response. The court also found it wasn’t unfairly prejudicial under FRE 403, as its probative value (explaining the emergency) outweighed any risk of bias, especially with a limiting instruction to the jury.

Body Cam Footage: Non-Hearsay Use and the Effect on Police Actions

The body cam clips were even more contentious. They included statements from three bystanders to Officer Manuel Neyra:

– One said the resident went by “White Boy.”

– Another identified the townhouse “where the lady got injured” and said the person “was out the window with a stick” (slang for a gun).

– A third described the resident as a tall, light-skinned man with light eyes.

Another clip showed a man claiming to be Holley’s brother providing his name, age, description, and noting an assault rifle inside.

The court admitted these not for the truth of the statements (e.g., to prove Holley was the shooter) but to explain why the officers acted as they did—establishing a perimeter, evacuating neighbors, and focusing on Holley’s townhouse during an active shooter situation. This “effect on the listener” purpose makes the statements non-hearsay (FRE 801(c)).

Even if hearsay, the court emphasized the footage’s short length (a few minutes total) and the limiting instruction, which told jurors to consider it only for police conduct, not truth. Under FRE 403, the probative value in showing the investigation’s urgency outweighed prejudice.

 

 The Confrontation Clause: Testimonial vs. Nontestimonial Statements

The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause bars “testimonial” statements from absent witnesses unless the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine them and the witness is unavailable. But what makes a statement “testimonial”?

Drawing from Supreme Court precedents like Crawford v. Washington (2004) and Davis v. Washington (2006), the Eleventh Circuit applied the “primary purpose” test:

– Statements are nontestimonial if their primary purpose is to enable police to meet an ongoing emergency.

– They become testimonial if the purpose is to gather evidence for future prosecution.

In Holley, the body cam statements and 911 call were nontestimonial. The bystanders spoke amid an active threat—an armed individual in a residential area—to help resolve the immediate danger, not to create a record for trial. The 911 call similarly aimed to summon help during the crisis. No formal interrogation occurred; these were informal, urgent exchanges.

This ruling underscores that emergency contexts often shield such evidence from Confrontation Clause challenges.

What This Means for Criminal Defendants

U.S. v. Holley highlights how prosecutors can use 911 calls and body cam footage to paint a vivid picture of a crime scene, even without the original speakers. For defense attorneys, the key is challenging the “primary purpose”—was it truly an emergency, or more investigative? We can also argue undue prejudice or push for strong limiting instructions.

In Georgia, where state rules mirror federal ones, these principles apply in cases involving assaults, shootings, or domestic violence. If you’re facing charges and worried about similar evidence, an experienced attorney can file motions to suppress or limit its impact.

At W. Scott Smith PC, we specialize in criminal defense, from evidentiary hearings to trial. We’ve helped clients navigate complex rules like these to protect their rights. If you or a loved one is dealing with a criminal case, don’t wait—call us today at 481-0999 for a confidential consultation. We’re here to fight for you.

Scott Smith is the founder of W. Scott Smith PC, a criminal defense firm serving clients throughout Georgia.